Contents
Introduction
Grammar 1 Present time
Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs State verbs normally without a continuous form Di fference of meaning in stative and active verbs Other uses of present continuous Other uses of present simple
Grammar 2
Future time
Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous Future continuous Future perfect
Other ways of referring to the future Other future references
Grammar 3
Past time
Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous
Past perfect simple and continuous
Used to and would
Unfulfilled past events
Polite forms
Contrast with present perfect
Grammar 4 Present perfect
Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous
Contrast of present perfect simple and present perfect continuous Time expressions with present perfect
21
CONSOLIDATION 1
Grammar 6 Passive 1
Basicuses
Using and not mentioning the agent
ii
33
Grammar 7 Passive 2
Have and get something done, need doir, Passive^
Reporting verbs
Verbs with prepositions
Common contexts for the passive
Grammar 8 Conditionals
Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present and past)
Variations: if only, unless, and other alternatives to if, past events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to, if it were not for, if it hadn't been for
Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing, otherwise, but for, if so, if not, colloquial omission of if, if and adjectives, (/meaning although
Grammar 9 Unreal time and subjunctives
It's time, it's high time Wishes
I'd rather and I'd sooner, I'd prefer As if, as though Suppose and imagine Formalsubjunctives Formulaic subjunctive
CONSOLIDATION 2
Grammar 11 Modals: present and future 65
Don't have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something
Should: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action,
uncertainty with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance
after in case to emphasise unlikelihood
Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness Can: criticism, capability
Must and can't: certainty, present time reference only
May mid might: although clauses, may/might as well, possibility or
uncertainty with try
Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen Will: assumption, intention, refuse and insist Would: annoying habits, certainty Need: need to not a modal, need partly a modal Related non-modal expressions: had better, be bound to
Grammar 12 Modals: past 72
Had to and must have: past obligation, past certainty Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism of an action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, polite expressions
Could have: past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, unwillingness
Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have May have and can't have: certainty, with surely Would not: unwillingness
Would have: events in the past which did not happen, assumptions Needn't have and didn't need to: unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and modals: well, easily, obviously, really, just
Inversion
Inversion
Inversion after negative adverbials Inversion after so/such with that Inverted conditional sentences without if
Emphasis
Changing word order to change focus Adding words for emphasis Other means
CONSOLIDATION 3 Reported speech
Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals, don't think Reporting verbs
Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe actions Changes of viewpoint
Articles
Definite article (the), indefinite article (a/an), zero article Translation problems
Relative and non-finite clauses
Defining and non-defining clauses
Which and that
Who, whom, and whose
When and where
Omitting the relative pronoun
Omitting which/who + be
Clauses beginning with what and whatever
Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form
Verbs + infinitive or -ing
Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to
Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to
Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to
Verbs normally followed by -ing
Verbs followed by infinitive without to
Verbs followed by an object and to
CONSOLIDATION 4 Verbs + prepositions
Verbs followed by: in, for, of, with, from, on, against, about, out, at, to
Prepositions
Following adjectives: of, about, with, at, on, to, by, for, in, from Following nouns: on, to, over, with, for
Expressions beginning: in, with, at, on, beyond, by, for, out of, under, without, within, after
Grammar 23 Phrasal verbs 1 Add up to get up to 144
Grammar 24 Phrasal verbs 2 Give away to put up with 150
Grammar 25 Phrasal verbs 3 - Rip off to work out 156
CONSOLIDATION 5 162
Grammar 27 Linking words and phrases Text organisers: adding a point, developing a point, contrast, explaining reasons, making generalisations, giving new information 167
Grammar 28 Punctuation and spelling Common errors Problem words Words with similar spelling but different meanings Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons 172
ИДИШ CONSOLIDATION 6 178
Grammar 30 Further Practice 182
Ш-: - ft!
Vocabulary ~T Leisure activities 188
Vocabulary 2 Travel and movement 192
Vocabulary 3 News events 196
Vocabulary 4 Places 200
Vocabulary 5 Media and advertising 204
Vocabulary 6 The natural world 208
Vocabulary 7 Work 211
Vocabulary 8 Business and money 215
Vocabulary 9 People and relationships 219
Vocabulary 10 Social problems 223
Vocabulary 11 Entertainment 227
Vocabulary 12 Government and society 231
Vocabulary 13 Health and the body 235
Vocabulary 14 World issues 239
Vocabulary 15 Thinking and feeling 243
Vocabulary 16 Technology 247
Vocabulary 17 Quality and quantity 250
Vocabulary 18 Education 254
Vocabulary 19 Word formation 258
Vocabulary 20 Multiple meaning 262