1. Pathophysiology of the cell - causes and mechanisms of cell injury.
2. Pathophysiology of the cell injury - effects and responses.
3. Pathophysiology of the cell injury - apoptosis.
4. Pathophysiology of the cell injury - free radicals.
5. Pathophysiology of the cell injury - mechanisms of cell death.
6. Disturbances of peripheral circulation - arterial hyperemia.
7. Venous hyperemia. Stasis.
8. Ischemia. Infarction.
9. Thrombosis.
10. Embolism.
11. The molecular & biochemical basis of neoplasia. Genetic changes, oncogenes & tumor suppressor genes. Hormones, growth factors & inhibitors, and stromal, adhesive & proteolytic proteins.
12. Pathogenesis of neoplasia.
13. Cellular changes in neoplasia. Differences between nonnal and cancer cell.
14. Tumor/organism relationships.
15. Epithelial neoplasia. Carcinomas.
16. Mesenchymal, neuroendocrine & germ cell neoplasia. Carcinoid tumors, testicular cancer & sarcomas.
17. Systemic effects of neoplasia.
18. Immune disorders - essence and classification. Antibody mediated hypersensitivity reaction type I.
19. Immune disorders - essence and classification. Antibody mediated hypersensitivity reaction type II.
20. Immune disorders - essence and classification. Antibody mediated hypersensitivity reaction type III.
21. Immune disorders - cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction type IV.
22. Autoimmune response - essence and mechanism of generation.
23. Immunodeficient states. Primary immunodeficiency diseases.
24. Immunodeficient states. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
25. Inflammation - etiology, phases, and main clinical signs.
26. Vascular changes in inflammation.
27. Cell response in inflammation.
28. Mediators of inflammation.
29. Metabolic changes and proliferative processes during inflammation.
30. Types of inflammation. Development, going out, and biological significance of inflammation.
31. Chronic inflammation.
32. Fever - etiology and pathogenesis.
33. Stages of fever. Types of temperature curves.
34. Metabolic and functional changes during fever. Biological significance of fever.
35. Red blood cell disorders. Classification of anemias.
36. Iron deficiency anemia.
37. Pernicious anemia.
38. White blood cell disorders. Leucocytosis & leucopenia. Cyclic neutropenia.
39. Lymphoma & acute myelogenous leukemia.
40. Platelet disorders. Drug-associated immune thrombocytopenia.
41. Coagulation disorders.
42. Static properties (compliance & elastic recoil) and dynamic properties (flow & resistance) of lungs - pathological changes.
43. Changes in ventilation/perfusion ratio.
44. Disturbances in the control of breathing.
45. Obstruction of airflow in respiratory passageways. Pathophysiology of asthma.
46. Obstruction of airflow in respiratory passageways. Pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (chronic bronchitis and emphysema).
47. Restrictive disturbances of breathing. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
48. Pulmonary edema.
49. Pulmonary embolism.
50. Hypoxia - definition, essence, and classification. Hypoxic hypoxia.
51. Hemic (blood) hypoxia.
52. Circulatory hypoxia.
53. Tissue hypoxia.
54. Metabolic changes during hypoxia.
55. Adaptation to hypoxia.
56. Cardiac arrhythmias. Bradycardia. Atrioventricular block.
57. Tachyarrhythmias. Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome.
58. Congestive heart failure. Left ventricular failure.
59. Congestive heart failure. Right ventricular failure.
60. Endocarditis and myocarditis.
61. Valvular heart disease. Aortic stenosis.
62. Valvular heart disease. Aortic regurgitation.
63. Valvular heart disease. Mitral stenosis.
64. Valvular heart disease. Mitral regurgitation.
65. Coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris.
66. Coronary artery disease. Myocardial infarction.
67. Pericardial disease. Pericarditis, pericardial effusion & tamponade.
68. Primary hypertension.
69. Secondary hypertension.
70. Circulatory insufficiency. Shock.
71. Hypotension.
72. Overview of gastrointestinal disorders.
73. Esophageal achalasia.
74. Reflux esophagitis.
75. Acid-peptic disease. Acute erosive gastritis & chronic atrophic gastritis.
76. Acid-peptic disease. Gastric ulcer.
77. Acid-peptic disease. Duodenal ulcer.
78. Disorders of the gallbladder. Cholelithiasis.
79. Disorders of the small intestine. Diarrhea.
80. Inflammatory bowel disease.
81. Diverticular disease. Constipation.
82. Etiology and pathogenesis of liver diseases.
83. Types of liver dysfunction.
84. Manifestations of liver dysfunction.
85. Acute hepatitis.
86. Chronic hepatitis.
87. Cirrhosis. Etiology & pathogenesis.
88. Cirrhosis. Clinical manifestations - portal hypertension, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy.
89. Jaundices.
90. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatitis.
91. Disorders of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatic insufficiency.
92. Disturbances in lipids digestion and absorption in the gastro-intestinal tract.
93. Disturbances in lipids transport. Hyperlipidemia. Fatty liver.
94. Disturbances in lipids metabolism in fat tissue. Obesity. Metabolic syndrome.
95. Disturbances in intermediary lipid metabolism. Ketosis.
96. Lipoprotein metabolism and patobiochemistry. Atherosclerosis.
97. Disturbances in carbohydrates digestion, absorption and transport. Hyper- and hypoglycemia.
98. Disturbances in protein digestion and absorption. Changes in serum protein levels.
99. Disturbances in intermediary protein metabolism and amino acid catabolism.
100. Disturbances in the final steps of protein metabolism.
101. Disturbances in purine metabolism. Gout.
102. Alterations of kidney structure and function in disease. Manifestations of altered kidney function.
103. Acute renal failure.
104. Chronic renal failure. Uremia.
105. Glomerulonephritis.
106. Nephrotic syndrome.
107. Renal stones (nephrolithiasis).
108. Disturbances in water-electrolyte balance. Edema.
109. Disturbances in mineral metabolism - sodium, potassium, chlorides.
110. Disturbances in calcium and phosphate metabolism.
111. Disturbances in trace elements metabolism.
112. Basic disturbances in acid-base equilibrium. Acidosis.
113. Basic disturbances in acid-base equilibrium. Alkalosis.
114. Interrelationships between intracellular and extracellular pH.
115. Primary & secondary hyperparathyroidism. Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia.
116. Hypoparathyroidism & pseudohypoparathyroidism.
117. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
118. Diabetes mellitus. Pathology & pathogenesis.
119. Pathobiochemistry of diabetes mellitus.
120. Complications in diabetes mellitus.
121. Body weight control by the hypothalamus. Obesity.
122. Pituitary adenoma.
123. Hypopituitarism.
124. Diabetes insipidus.
125. Syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion.
126. Hyperthyroidism.
127. Hypothyroidism.
128. Goiter.
129. Excessive secretion of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones. Cushing’s syndrome.
130. Adrenocortical insufficiency. Addison’s disease.
131. Hyperaldosteronism. Conn’s syndrome
132. Disorders of adrenal androgen production.
133. Disorders of the female reproductive tract. Menstrual disorders. Infertility.
134. Disorders of the male reproductive tract. Male infertility. Benign prostatic hyperplasia.
135. Motor disturbances: lower and upper motor neurons. Motor neuron disease.
136. Motor disturbances: cerebellum and basal ganglia. Parkinson’s disease.
137. Disturbances of the somatosensory system.
138. Pain.
139. Sensory disturbances - vision, hearing & balance.
140. Disturbances in consciousness, arousal & cognition.
141. Epilepsy.
142. Dementia & Alzheimer’s disease.
143. Stroke.
144. Stress and distress. Stress-induced diseases.
