Microbiology I: Basic Microbiology
1. Introduction to Medical Microbiology - History and Subject
2. Bacterial Taxonomy: Classification, Nomenclature and identification
3. Bacterial Morphology
4. Bacterial Uitrastructure - Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes. Cytoplasmic structures
5. Bacterial Ultrastructure - Cell Wall, Structure and Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Wall. Bacterial expressions in the Cell Wall structure
6. Bacterial Ultrastructure - External Structures
7. Bacterial Uitrastructure - Bacterial Spores
8. Bacterial Metabolism
9. Bacterial growth and cell division
10. Bacterial genetics: DNA - The genetic material - structure, replication and function (control)
11. Bacterial genetics: Mutation, Recombination and DNA Exchange
12. Bacterial Genetics: Genetic engineering
13. Viruses: Taxonomy, structure, replication and cultivation
14. Fungi: Classification, Structure, Replication and Cultivation
15. Sterilization, disinfection and Antisepsis
16. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antifungal Agents - Groups according to their specter, activity and molecular mechanisms
17. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Genetic Biochemical mechanisms of bacterial resistance. Side effects of antibiotics - toxicity, allergy and dysbacteriosis
II: Infection and Immunity
18. infection and infectious disease. Patterns of infection. The spread of infection -epidemiology
19. Infection and Infectious disease. Pathogenicity and Virulence. Pathogenic and Opportunistic bacteria. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. Virulence factors.
20. Infection and infectious disease. Mechanism of viral pathogenesis, immunity and epidemiology
21. immunity - Natural resistance and acquired immunity. Active and passive immunity. Nonspecific response (natural resistance) against microbial agents - physical barriers, normal human flora (microbiota)
22. immunity - Natural resistance and acquired immunity. Active and PAssive Immunity. Non specific response (natural resistance) against microbial agents - Humeral (chemical) defences and factors
23. Immunity - natural resistance and acquired immunity. Active and passive immunity. Nonspecific response (natural resistance) against microbial agents - phagocytosis, inflammatory response and fever.
24. Elements of host protective responses. Organs and cells of immune system and immune response
25. Immune response: the humoral immune response. Antigens. Antibodies. Biological properties of the antibodies and their role in protection against bacterial and viral infections. Monoclonal Antibodies
26. Immune response: cell mediated immunity (CMi). Cytokines - lymphokines, monokines, chemokines. Role of CMI and the local immunity in protection against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Local immunity
27. immunopathology: Hypersensitivity response (Types 1-IV) - allergy and autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency
28. Immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Vaccines. Hyperimmune sera and immunoglobulin preparations
29. Protective mechanisms (immunity) against bacterial and fungal infections
30. Protective mechanisms (immunity) against viral infections III - Special microbiology. Clinical Microbiology
31. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases
32. Staphylococcus
33. Streptococcus - group A, B and other Beta- hemolytic streptococci
34. Streptococcus - Viridans streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus
35. Corynebacterium
36. Listeria, Gardnerella
37. Neisseria - N. gonorrhoeae
38. Neisseria - N. meningitidis
39. Enterobacteriaceae - E.coii and other opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia - group KES’ proteus, Morganella, Citrobacter)
40. Enterobacteriaceae - Salmonella
41. Enterobacteriaceae - Yersinia
42. Enterobacteriaceae - Yersinia
43. Vibrionaceae - V. cholerae, other Vibrio species associated with human disease
44. Campylobacter and Helicobacter
45. Pseudomonas and related organisms (Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, Moraxeila)
46. Bordetella
47. Franciselia
48. Brucella
49. Haemophilus
50. Miscellaneous Gram-Negative bacteria (Legionella, Bartonella, Streptobacillus and Spirillum)
51. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci and Non Spore-forming bacteria
52. Anaerobic spore-forming bacteria - Clostridium
53. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria - bacillus
54. Anaerobic Gram-negative non spore-forming bacteria and Cocci (Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veiiionella)
55. Mycobacterium
56. Spirochaetes - Treponema
57. Spirochaetes - Borrelia
58. Spirochaetes - Leptospira
59. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
60. Rickettsia, Coxieiia and Ehriichia
61. Chlamydia
62. Human microbial flora (natural flora) in health and disease. Iatrogenic influences on the normal human flora - dysbacteriosis as a side effects of antibiotic, cytostatic and immunosuppressive therapy.
63. Laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases
64. Picornaviruses
65. Paramyxoviruses
66. Orthomyxoviruses
67. Corornaviruses, Caicivirus
68. Reoviruses
69. Togaviruses, Fiaviviruses
70. Bunyaviridae - Buniavirus, Nairovirus
71. Rhabdoviruses
72. Poxviruses
73. Human Herpesviruses
74. Adenoviruses
75. Retroviruses
76. Papovaviruses
77. Hepatitis Viruses
78. Laboratory diagnosis of Fungal diseases
79. Fungi, Etiological agents of systemic mycoses - Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis
80. Fungi, Etiological agents of opportunistic mycoses - Candida, Aspergillus, Zygomycetes (Rhizopus, Absidia), Pneumocystis carinii
81. Microbiological aspects of skin, wound, joint and bone infections
82. Microbiological aspects of urinary tract infections
83. Microbiological aspects of respiratory tracts
84. Microbiological aspects of central nervous system infections
85. Microbiological aspects of intravascular infections, bacteremia (sepsis) and endotoxemia
86. Microbiological aspects of sexually transmitted infections
87. Microbiological aspects of Gastrointestinal tract infections
Practical examination
1. Microscopic principles and Applications
2. Loeffler’s stain
3. Gram stain - preparation, observation and interpretation
4. Neisser stain - preparation, observation and interpretation
5. Smear preparation and staining by Ziehl - Neelsen method. Technique, observation and examination of the preparations
6. Smear preparation and staining by Peshkov method. Technique, observation and examination of the preparations
7. Cultural diagnosis of bacterial diseases
8. Simple nutrient media. Types, composition and application. Observation (characteristic) of bacterial growth in broth and agar media
9. Special nutrient media; Types, composition and application. Observation (characteristic) of bacterial growth in broth and agar media
10. Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of aerobic and microaerophile bacterial. Preparation of pure culture
11. Methods and nutrient media for cultivation of anaerobic bacteria. Reading of the growth of anaerobic bacteria
12. Biochemical tests for the identification of bacteria. Tests for determination of carbolytic, proteolytic enzymes and oxidoreductases. Other tests.
13. Kligler’s polytrope medium (Triple sugar iron agar): composition, inoculation and reading
14. Quantitative methods for the determination of bacterial growth: enumeration with optical standard and determination of microbial count on a solid medium
15. Microbiological examination of drink water, soil, air and foods. Methods and interpretation of the results
16. Serial dilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
17. Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics - characteristics and usage
18. Disk diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing - antibiogram (NCCLS method)
19. Methods of sterilization. Usage of the particular methods in medical practice
20. Disinfectants. Usage of the particular disinfectants in medical practice
21. Serological diagnosis: principles, techniques and application for diagnosis of infectious diseases
22. Slide agglutination (direct agglutination): principle, technique and reading of the results
23. Widal's serodiagnosis (tube agglutination method) sugin a patient's serum and Salmonella Antigens 0:9.12 and H:2. Principle. Technique and reading of the results
24. Passive hemagglutination, coagglutination, latex agglutination. PRinciple, technique and reading the results
25. Ring precipitation test (thermal precipitation). Principle. Technique and reading the results
26. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (DID). Radial single immunodiffusion. Immunoelectrophoresis. Principle, application, reading the results.
27. Titration of hemolytic serum - application, principle, technique and reading the results
28. Complement fixation reaction for diagnosis of syphilis: Wassermann's reaction. Application, principle, reading of the results
29. ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) - basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application. Immunofluorescence - direct and indirect immunofluorescence, application
30. Antibacterial vaccines - characterization, application
31. Antiviral vaccines - characterization, application
32. immune sera - characterization, application
33. Immunomodulators (immunostimulators) - characterization, application, laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases
34. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diseases: principles
35. Biochemical identification of the organisms of Fam. Enterobacteriaceae. Tests for identification
36. Tests for detection of pathogenicity of Staphylococcus spp. - reading and interpretation of results
37. Tests for identification of Streptococcus spp and Enterococcus spp.
38. Laboratory diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infections. Specimen collection, transport, microbial isolation and identification, antigen or antibody detection, expected causative agents, interpretation.
39. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections. Specimen collection, transport, microbiological detection, isolation and identification, expected causative agents, interpretation.
40. Laboratory diagnosis of intravascular infections. Blood-culture: rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing; expected pathogens’ interpretations
41. Laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections. Microbiological examination of CSF; rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing’ expected pathogens’ interpretation
42. LAboratory diagnosis of Upper and Lower respiratory tract: rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing’ expected pathogens’ interpretation
43. Microbiological examination of the specimens from infections of the skin, soft tissues and bone - rules for specimen collection, maintenance, transport, processing’ expected pathogens; interpretations
44. Laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases
45. Viral hemagglutination - basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application
46. Hemagglutination-inhibition test (HAI) - basic principles, reading and interpretation of results, application
47. Neutralization test of viral infectivity - basic principle, reading and interpretation of results, application
